Helmerich & Payne International v. Venezuela

Issue: (1) Whether, under the third clause of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, a breach-of-contract action is "based " upon" any act necessary to establish an element of the claim, including acts of contract formation or performance, or solely those acts that breached the contract; and (2) whether, under Republic of Argentina v. Weltover, a breaching party"s failure to make contractually required payments in the United States causes a "direct effect" in the United States triggering the commercial activity exception where the parties" expectations and course of dealing have established the United States as the place of payment, or only where payment in the United States is unconditionally required by contract. CVSG: 05/24/2016.