Argument recap

Arguing for the petitioner, AT&T Mobility, Andrew Pincus began by emphasizing that the plain language of Section 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act is not limited to statutes that discriminate[] facially against arbitration; rather, because it refers to any contract, the rule must be applicable to contracts generally. Pincus immediately faced questions from Justices Scalia and Sotomayor about state-law unconscionability doctrines and scenarios in which such doctrines might run afoul of Section 2. And although Pincus countered that the critical question was whether the state is applying the same principles . . . of unconscionability to arbitration agreements [] as to other agreements which, he contended, California had not done in the arbitration context that assertion met with skepticism from several Justices: Justice Scalia asked Pincus whether the Court would be required to tell the State of California what it has to consider unconscionable; Justice Ginsburg observed that AT&T Mobility did not have anything that says the California court hasnt said: We are applying a special definition of unconscionability to arbitration agreements; and Justice Kagan noted that the Discover Bank rule on which the lower court relied applied both in the arbitration sphere and in the litigation sphere. Pincus repeatedly emphasized, however, that the principles that were applied in order to find unconscionability here . . . are different than the principles applied in every other context for example, the court considered whether the contract was unconscionable at the time that the dispute arose, rather than at the time of contracting, and it looked to the effect on people other than the parties to the dispute.

The Court next sought to flesh out the contours of the rule that AT&T Mobility would have it adopt: if a prohibition on class arbitrations was not unconscionable, what would be? Pincus again reiterated that the determination of which procedures were or were not unconscionable should be made using a states generally applicable unconscionability doctrine, which was not at issue here. And he again emphasized that neither AT&T nor the Concepcions had identified other unconscionability cases, outside the arbitration context, that looked at the effect on non-parties, at whether a provision was unconscionable at the time of the dispute, or at whether something was the equivalent of a statutory procedure. There are none. And thats the problem, Pincus concluded.

Representing the Concepcions, Deepak Gupta disputed Pincuss assertion that the California courts, under the Discover Bank rule, looked at the fairness of the contract as of the time of the dispute. Rather, he explained, the question was not whether the contract was fair to the Concepcions once they have chosen to make a claim; rather, the question is whether its fair to any AT&T customer which, he contended, it was not.

Justice Sotomayor pressed Gupta to explain how he would distinguish between facially neutral contract law defenses that implicitly discriminate against arbitration and those that do not. Gupta described the inquiry as an objective determination. You would see whether the State court is telling the truth. Is this law really being applied in the same way in the arbitration context and outside of the arbitration context. After the Chief Justice balked at Guptas efforts to draw an analogy with the independent and adequate State ground context, Gupta then explained that, in addition to the question whether a state was discriminating against arbitration, there were additional limiting principles to apply, such as whether the rule is tantamount to a rule of non-enforceability of arbitration agreements. In conclusion, Gupta again emphasized that California has made a judgment that if you preclude class-wide relief, that will . . . gut the States substantive consumer protection laws, because people will in the context of small frauds not be able to bring those cases.