Hsiung v. United States

Issue: (1) Whether a foreign seller's conduct can “involv[e] *** import trade or import commerce” even when the seller himself does not import any goods into the United States; (2) whether a foreign price-fixing agreement can have an effect on U.S. commerce that is “direct” and “gives rise to” a Sherman Act claim even when the agreement fixes prices only in foreign sales; and (3) whether foreign price-fixing agreements should be condemned as per se unlawful, instead of evaluated on a case-by-case basis under the rule of reason.