Tyler Green is the solicitor general of Utah. Utah is one of 16 states that joined a merits-stage amicus curiae brief by the state of Texas in support of the appellants defending Wisconsin’s electoral map.
Attorneys who advise state elected officials need no crystal ball to see what an affirmance in Gill v. Whitford would mean for their clients. …
GILL’S REAL DEAL
A Play in Three Acts
Cast of Characters
Speaker of the Utah House: A woman in her early 50s; a recovering lawyer.
President of the Utah Senate: A man in his mid-60s; a retired medical doctor.
Legislative Counsel: A woman in her late 40s.
Scene
The Utah State Capitol.
Time
Early 2021, after the U.S. Census Bureau releases the 2020 census results.
ACT I
Scene 1
SETTING: We are in a large conference room at the capitol. Stacks of paper cover the main table. Foamboard charts rest on easels and against the walls. Beverages and a box of doughnuts sit on a side table.
AT RISE: LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL sits at the main table’s long side, facing the room’s door (which is closed). She alternately checks her watch and responds to texts or emails on her cell phone. COUNSEL raises her head as the SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE and the PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE open the door and enter.
SPEAKER
Good morning. Sorry we’re late—again.
COUNSEL
(She stands and shakes hands with the SPEAKER and the PRESIDENT.)
No problem. I just got the text that your caucus meeting ran long.
PRESIDENT
Yes. We moved through the caucus agenda as fast as we could, but the members had lots of questions about the redistricting process.
COUNSEL
I understand.
(She motions to the side table.)
Snacks or a drink?
PRESIDENT
Thanks. I need a blood-sugar boost after that meeting.
(All three walk to the side table and take turns getting doughnuts and drinks.)
SPEAKER
(She talks while getting food and walking to her seat at the main table.)
Picking up where the president left off—one of the first questions at caucus was how we’re going to start drawing new boundaries. Some members suggested tweaking the current map based on the 2020 data. But other members said we can’t do that because of a new Supreme Court case. Are they right?
COUNSEL
(Returning to her seat, food in hand.)
I’m afraid so. Actually, it’s a 2018 case called Gill v. Whitford. This is the first time we’ve redistricted since then.
PRESIDENT
(Seated at the table.)
The court said we can’t use our old map?
COUNSEL
Well, the court didn’t expressly prohibit states from basing new boundaries on old ones. But in a state like Utah, the opinion unquestionably has that effect—we have to start from scratch.
SPEAKER
What’s wrong with our current map’s boundaries?
COUNSEL
They produce too many Republican legislators.
PRESIDENT
(With his mouth full of doughnut.)
Say again?
COUNSEL
It’s true. Under the court’s opinion, the new boundaries must give more legislative seats to Democrats.
SPEAKER
How can the court tell states the “correct” number of legislative seats for each political party? I thought elections did that.
COUNSEL
You’d think so, right? “Au contraire,” says the court.
(She hands papers to the SPEAKER and the PRESIDENT.)
It’s actually a little complicated. Here are copies of the opinion. I’ve highlighted the key parts.
PRESIDENT
(Drops papers on table.)
After that caucus, I can’t handle this lawyer-speak. What’s the punchline? How could the court have reached this result?
COUNSEL
Here’s the quick version. In 2011, Wisconsin’s legislature drew new districts based on the 2010 census. After the 2012 and 2014 elections, the Democratic Party in Wisconsin was mad because its candidates won fewer of the new districts than the party thought they deserved based on the number of statewide votes for Democrats.
SPEAKER
So this is a proportionality issue—the idea that if a political party gets 40 percent of statewide votes for legislative candidates, it should win a corresponding 40 percent of legislative seats.
COUNSEL
Correct. But things didn’t pan out that way for Wisconsin’s Democrats. In 2012, Republicans won 60 of 99 seats in the Wisconsin State Assembly with 48.6 percent of the statewide two-party vote. And in 2014, Republicans won 63 of 99 seats with 52 percent of the statewide vote. Seeing those results, some Democrats in Wisconsin sued. A federal district court declared Wisconsin’s new district boundaries unconstitutional. The Supreme Court agreed.
PRESIDENT
Unconstitutional on what basis?
COUNSEL
The court said the election results in the new districts violated the Democratic Party’s rights under the equal protection clause.
SPEAKER
Hold on. The political party’s right to equal protection? Doesn’t the equal protection clause protect the rights of individuals—not the rights of groups?
COUNSEL
That’s exactly what prior Supreme Court redistricting cases said. It’s one reason Gill is such a sea change: It’s the first redistricting case extending equal protection rights to a group.
SPEAKER
Do other groups—such as groups of racial minorities—also now have those same equal protection rights in redistricting cases?
COUNSEL
No. At least, not yet. Race-based claims weren’t raised in Gill.
PRESIDENT
So political parties—groups that exist to win executive or legislative seats from voters in elections—now have a constitutional right to get a certain number of legislative seats in court from a federal judge? And groups of racial minorities don’t have that right?
COUNSEL
Correct on both counts. The opinion also makes redistricting challenges easier. Before Gill, a plaintiff claiming that a new district violated his equal protection rights could challenge only his individual district. But Gill allowed the plaintiffs to challenge the entire statewide plan.
SPEAKER
Did the Supreme Court realize the incentives it created by allowing challenges to a state’s entire redistricting plan? Or how much more expensive it will be for states to defend those bigger lawsuits? Or the potential for plaintiffs to frame claims of race-based discrimination as political discrimination to take advantage of those new rules?
COUNSEL
No one knows; we don’t get to ask the Supreme Court questions. But Gill certainly increases the burdens and risks to states from redistricting lawsuits. The statutory right to attorney’s fees for successful claims won’t be lost on potential plaintiffs, either.
PRESIDENT
But just because someone can file a lawsuit doesn’t mean they will win. How easy will it be for plaintiffs to win on these claims?
COUNSEL
In general, a plaintiff wins an equal protection claim by showing that the state treated him differently for an invidious or irrational purpose—and that the differential treatment had a discriminatory effect.
SPEAKER
What’s the alleged invidious purpose here? That the state invidiously discriminates against a political party by drawing district boundaries that deprive it of political power?
COUNSEL
Exactly.
PRESIDENT
But legislatures have done that since … forever!
COUNSEL
I know. The court called this a “political gerrymandering” claim, but that phrase itself is redundant. The 1886 version of Webster’s dictionary defines gerrymandering as drawing district lines “with a view to give a political party an advantage over its opponent.” This isn’t a new phenomenon.
SPEAKER
So why is it now a constitutional problem?
COUNSEL
I don’t know. In fact, a prior Supreme Court case called Vieth v. Jubelirer arguably held that political-gerrymandering claims don’t exist. But Vieth was messy—multiple opinions, and no clear majority—so the Gill majority worked around it.
SPEAKER
Wait a minute. Other redistricting rules really restrain our ability to draw boundaries that benefit one political party. We have to comply with the Supreme Court’s “one-person, one-vote” rule. Districts must meet compactness and contiguity requirements. And we try to keep political subdivisions in the same district. Did Gill get rid of those rules?
COUNSEL
No. We still must follow them. But political gerrymandering is now actionable.
SPEAKER
So new boundaries can’t favor a political party. And we must follow the old rules. But now we expressly consider the likely partisan electoral outcome in each new proposed district—to make sure that each party’s number of seats aligns with its percentage of the statewide vote?
COUNSEL
(Shrugs.)
As best I can tell.
PRESIDENT
How close a match does the Constitution require? Suppose we predict that a political party will get 40 percent of the statewide vote. So we draw a map that should give its candidates 40 percent of the seats. But, unexpectedly, the political party wins 45 percent of the statewide vote—and wins only its expected 40 percent of the seats. Or the party gets its expected 40 percent of the vote, but only 33 percent of the seats. Constitutional problems?
COUNSEL
Gill really doesn’t say.
SPEAKER
So our message to the caucus is: We have to draw boundaries that give more seats to our political opponents. Yet we can’t know in advance if we’re giving them enough seats—or even how they can successfully challenge the new map. And if a challenge does succeed, a federal judge might award them seats they didn’t win at election.
COUNSEL
Bingo.
PRESIDENT
(Looking at the SPEAKER.)
Remind me who said courts were the “least dangerous branch”?
(SCENE)
***
STILL TO BE DRAFTED
Act II: Lawsuits, Inevitably
Act III: Judges Draw Overtly Partisan Boundaries
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